We used data from 791 adults participating in the longitudinal Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (Massachusetts, USA) between 2004 and 2015 to assess whether UFP exposure was associated with blood . Particles that are less than 100 nm in diameter are commonly defined as ultrafine. This study focuses on the ultra-fine fraction and the coarse fraction with an aerodynamic diameter of < 10 μm (PM10). A hypersonic jet is formed by expansion of a gas-particle mixture through an orifice of diameter d n, from a source region maintained at a pressure p o into an evacuated region kept at a background pressure p 1 several hundred times smaller than p o. We aimed to extend on our previous analyses by including 2,081 more cases and controls and by extending the exposure assessment to a broader range of air pollutants [ultrafine particles (PM ≤ 0.1 μ m in aerodynamic diameter or UFPs), PM elemental components, and oxidative potentials (OPs)]. Compared with our understanding of the health effects of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of < 10 µm (PM 10, coarse PM) and < 2.5 µm (PM 2.5, fine PM), there is a considerable knowledge gap about the impact of particles < 100 nm on human health.Increasing evidence from air pollution and nanosafety research suggests these sub-micron scale particles have . Inhalable particulate matter (PM) that can stay in the air for long periods of time has a great impact on human health [1, 2].According to the range of aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED), PM can be termed as total suspended particulates (AED of less than 100 μm), PM 10 (AED of less than 10 μm), PM 2.5 (AED of less than 2.5 μm), and ultrafine particles (UFPs, AED of less than 100 nm) [3-5]. We targeted the particle aerodynamic diameter range of dₐ~0.04-2 μm, which is of special public interest because of its health relevance. ultrafine particles increases as particle size decreases,16,17 with the greatest fractional deposition in the deep lung occurring between 5 and 100 nm.17 Currently, however, only the mass of PM less than 10 µm (PM 10) and less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5) in aerodynamic diameter are regulated. There are many sources of ultrafines, including printer and copy machines, vehicle emissions, gas furnaces, pollen, construction . The chemical composition of these ultrafine particle samples averages 50% organic . Most studies have shown that exposure to coarse and fine particulate matter is associated with asthma exacerbation. These particles are conditioned to the aerodynamic diameter and thus classified as coarse (2.5-10 μm), fine (0.1-2.5 μm), and ultrafine (<0.1 μm), where the degree of toxicity becomes . Ultrafines are particles which have an aerodynamic diameter that is less than 0.1 microns. Background: Little is known about the short-term effects of ultrafine particles. These particles . A particular concern about UFPs is . A typical size distribution of diesel exhaust particulates is shown in Figure . The number distribution for the 'flame' aerosol reflects particles of aerodynamic diameter >1 μm, which become predominant in terms of mass. Ultrafine particles (UFPs; aerodynamic diameter < 100 nm) may contribute to the respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with particulate air pollution. Recently, toxicological and epidemiological studies on health effects related to particle exposure suggest that 'ultrafine particles' (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of <100 nm) may cause severe health effects after inhalation. Cascade Impactor. Xiong and Friedlander (2001), in Los Angeles area, found that the fraction of aggregates was about 60% for particles with aerodynamic diameters between 50 and 75 nm and 34% for the range 75 to 120 nm. Ultrafine particles of diameters below 0.1 µm or 100 nm. Ultrafine particles levels (UFP) while exercising outdoors were monitored. Thus, this work aims to evaluate UFP levels at sites used for conducting physical sport activities outdoors and to estimate the respective inhalation doses considering various scenarios and different physical . modified to measure the aerodynamic diameter, d,,, of radioactive particles. whereas particle number concentration is dominated by ultrafine particles with a diameter below 100 nm . Ultrafine particles (UFPs) with an aerodynamic diameter of <0.1 µm are emerging as the most dominant and abundant particulate matter. A hypersonic jet is formed by expansion of a gas-particle mixture through an orifice of diameter d n, from a source region maintained at a pressure p o into an evacuated region kept at a background pressure p 1 several hundred times smaller than p o. Such dynamic information is particularly useful for identifying possible . Background: Air pollution is a major cause of asthma exacerbation. The protection efficiency of compressed air-supplied hoods in environments so highly loaded in ultrafine particles should also be verified. Facing the jet perpendicularly, at a variable distance, L, from the nozzle exit, is a bounce . PM10 . (UFP), which aerodynamic particle diameter are <100 nm. PM2.5 is particulate . Almost 128,000 mass spectra, corresponding to particles with aerodynamic diameters between 30 and 300 nm, were collected and . We used data from 791 adults participating in the longitudinal Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (Massachusetts, USA) between 2004 and 2015 to assess whether UFP exposure was associated with blood . The Impact of Ambient Ultrafine Particles on Atherosclerosis and Asthma Exacerbation: The Role of Oxidative Stress? These particles . There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFPs to human . Toxicological studies have suggested that exposure to UFPs . The key uncertainty is how well daily variations in the ultrafine particle These sites represent a diverse range of conditions, with fleet-equivalent annual average daily traffic (FE-AADT) They are either emitted directly or formed from precursor gases: in urban areas UFPs exposure originates from many combustion processes, mainly by motor vehicles (diesel fuel, gasoline, and even compressed natural gas) [].UFPs can originate also from industrial emissions, heating systems . Unlike reduction of PM 2.5 and number of . PM followed by a number refers to all particles with a certain maximum size (aerodynamic diameter). The fine particles which are smaller than 0.1 µm are referred to as ultrafine particles (PM 0.1). The particles are gener- ated in 32-liter radon chamber under well-controlled experimental conditions. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. concentrations in the size range 0.056-0.1 urn aerodynamic diameter average 0.55-1.16 jLigm-3. Three separate experiments were held between December and March with 6 week intervals. Exposure chamber Outdoor monitoring stations NFA PFA Urban background Busy urban street; NC total (no./cm 3) 10,067 (6,169-15,362) 235 (91-542) Indeed, the mass distribution of a typical urban aerosol among the different particle sizes may support this point (Figure 1). Ultrafine particles occur as components of urban environmental particulate air pollution. Few longitudinal studies have examined the association between ultrafine particulate matter (UFP, particles < 0.1 μm aerodynamic diameter) exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Our principle hypothesis is that most of the pro-inflammatory potential of PM in atherosclerosis and asthma exacerbation resides in the ultrafine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 0.15 μm, UFP) that are highly enriched for redox . Airborne particles are classified according to their aerodynamic diameter: Particles with a diameter smaller than 10 μm (PM 10 ) are inhalable and the coarse fraction - between 2.5 and 10 μm - will deposit in the respiratory tract. . 2-4 Experimental studies also showed that inhalation of ambient particles was capable of triggering respi-ratory inflammatory process through mechanisms of oxidative stress, cell signalling and . Few longitudinal studies have examined the association between ultrafine particulate matter (UFP, particles < 0.1 μm aerodynamic diameter) exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFPs to human health. PM 10-2.5 (commonly defined as particles with an aerodynamic diameter greater than 2.5 microns, but equal to or less than a nominal 10 microns) are also known as coarse fraction particles. The ELPI results show that the percentage of ultrafine particles increases during welding, while after welding this decreases slowly. PM stands for particulate matter (also called particle pollution): the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. BACKGROUND Ultrafine particles or nanoparticles (UFPs or PM0.1) are the fraction of ambient particulates with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 0.1 microm. Due to the small size, it is believed that these particles will impose more . Our principle hypothesis is that most of the pro-inflammatory potential of PM in atherosclerosis and asthma exacerbation resides in the ultrafine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 0.15 μm, UFP) that are highly enriched for redox . Research teams across the world are working now on UFP, forming Methods: We evaluated the effect of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM 10), ≤2.5 μm (PM 2.5), and ultrafine particles on emergency hospital admissions in Rome 2001-2005.We studied residents aged ≥35 years hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, lower respiratory . Studies examining associations between prenatal UFP exposure and childhood asthma remain sparse. In this study, we investigated the effect of continuous unipolar ionization on the evolution of the indoor concentration and particle size distribution of fine and ultrafine aerosols. The protection efficiency of compressed air-supplied hoods in environments so highly loaded in ultrafine particles should also be verified. ultrafine particles health effects. Objectives: We used daily UFP exposure estimates to identify windows . UFP originate mainly from combustion sources with some of the highest concentrations occurring near highways and major roadways ( Karner et al., 2010 ; Patton . Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less. Ultrafine particles (UFPs, aerodynamic diameter ≤ 0.1 µm) are the smallest airborne particles, which are capable of penetrating deep into the lungs. Finally, biometrological studies would . stated correlations between exposure to PM 2.5 (particles of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and risks of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Despite their modest mass and size, they dominate in terms of the number of particles in the ambient air. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less. Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) are ultrafine particles with an aerodynamic diameter in one dimension that is less than 100 nm (Hofman et al., 2016; Malakar et al., 2021). RSMS-II, which simultaneously measures the aerodynamic size and composition of individual ultrafine . The number distribution for the 'flame' aerosol reflects particles of aerodynamic diameter >1 μm, which become predominant in terms of mass. Studies examining associations between prenatal UFP exposure and childhood asthma remain sparse. This attitude of skepticism has changed considerably. Ultrafine particles are formed by nucleation, which is the . "fine" PM (PM2.5) with a diameter less than 2.5 μm; and "ultrafine" PM (PM0.1) with a diameter less than 0.1 μm. and the adverse effects of ultrafine air particles are linked to their ability to gain access to the lung and systemic circulation, . modified to measure the aerodynamic diameter, d,,, of radioactive particles. [1] Between 23 August and 18 September 2000, a single-ultrafine-particle mass spectrometer (RSMS-II) was deployed just east of Houston as part of a sampling intensive during the Houston Supersite Experiment. We tested the hypothesis that inhalation of carbon UFPs has vascular effects in healthy and asthmatic subjects, detectable as alterations in blood leukocyte expression . 1). In 1994, when we introduced the ultrafine particle hypothesis stating that ambient ultrafine particles (UFP; < 0.1 pm in aerodynamic diameter) may cause adverse health effects at the first Colloquium for Particulate Air Pollution and Human Mortality and Morbidity in Irvine, California, it was met with friendly skepticism as well as out-right dismissal, Arguments were that UFP are very short . Fine particles are largely formed from gases. UFPs (ultrafine particles, which have aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm) can more easily deposit in the lung alveoli (Mitsakou et al. matter 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM 2.5), black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particle (UFP) counts from 58 near-road monitoring sites, focusing on 2016-2018 data. Coarse particles or PM 10 —particulates of an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm; Fine particles or PM 2.5 —particles with a diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; Ultrafine particles of diameters below 0.1 µm or 100 nm; Nanoparticles, characterized by diameters of less than 50 nm. Many bioaerosol . Finally, biometrological studies would . Environmental nanoparticles or ultrafine particles (UFPs) are defined by their aerodynamic size <100 nm. Human exposure to these particles has increased dramatically, especially in the indoor environment as most of the population spend 80 to 90% time in the indoor environment. The strictest ever Clean Air Action has been implemented since 2013 at nationwide scale in China. They are either emitted directly or formed from precursor gases: in urban areas UFPs exposure originates from many combustion processes, mainly by motor vehicles (diesel fuel, gasoline, and even compressed natural gas) [].UFPs can originate also from industrial emissions, heating systems . Transition metals may determine the toxic effects of PM10 through oxidative stress which may be injurious as shown by an . aggregates (Df ≤ 2) composed of spherical primary particles with a diameter of 5-50 nm. Airborne viral particles. For particles to be classified into various sizes, individual impactors are connected together in series to form a cascade impactor (Figure 13.43b).The individual impactors, or stages of the cascade are arranged in order, with the largest cut diameter (cut diameter is the smallest aerodynamic diameter retained by the stage) being first and the smallest last. Dust. Despite their modest mass and size, they dominate in terms of the number of particles in the ambient air. Because PM10 includes any particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter, PM10 also contains fine particles (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (PM0.1), though we usually think of a coarse range of particle sizes between 2.5 and 10 μm. The last few examples from the list above are also . This closely corresponds to the International Standards Organisation (ISO) Thoracic Convention, i.e., the mass fraction of inhaled particles Environmental particulate air pollution is measured by a global sampling convention called PM 10 that measures the mass of particles collected with a 50% efficiency for particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm6; all particles down to the ultrafine size range are . [1] A single-ultrafine-particle mass spectrometer was deployed for size-resolved ultrafine aerosol composition measurements during the winter of 2002-2003 in College Station, Texas. 10 (particles < 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter) or PM 2.5 (particles < 2.5 µm in aerody-namic diameter). Howev er, all. 50% efficiency for particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm; a wide range of particle sizes are collected from coarse 10 µm particles down to the ultrafine size range. PM0.1, studied based on their numbers, has Rationale: Ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs; with an aerodynamic diameter < 0.1 μm) may exert greater toxicity than other pollution components because of their enhanced oxidative capacity and ability to translocate systemically. aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5) exposure on the increased risks of respiratory diseases, such as URI, pneumonia and bronchitis. Facing the jet perpendicularly, at a variable distance, L, from the nozzle exit, is a bounce . Background: Ultrafine particles or nanoparticles (UFPs or PM0.1) are the fraction of ambient particulates with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 0.1 μm. All smaller particles are included. Due to their small size they have a higher deposition rate in the peripheral lung compared to fine particles (< 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter) [18, 19]. 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