The British Empire, especially, played a major role in the region. Brief Historical Facts The Suez Canal crisis of 1956 started when Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal. At first the wall was just a barbed wire fence. The Cold War was a conflict of philosophies as well as ideologies, and its origins go back well before 1945. Instead, the Soviets vowed continued support for a . Introduction. 4. Had Nasser not had the option of the Soviet Union as an alternative pole in the Cold War dynamic, his influence arguably may not have been as far reaching or impactful (Sayigh, Shlaim 2003, p.33). Three modern Middle East nations were created by the decisions Churchill made and the lines he drew at the epochal Cairo Conference. During World War II, Japan invaded and took control of Vietnam which was part of French Indochina. The doctrine marked America's growth as the prevailing Western power in the Middle East. The Lemon Tree: A Case Study on the Creation of the State of Israel (1948) These tensions almost boiled over into full on conflict several times, especially as nuclear arms proliferation and testing advanced rapidly during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The dawn of the Cold War marked a new stage of complex U.S. foreign policy involvement in the Middle East. In June 1950, the first military action of the Cold War began when the Soviet-backed North Korean People's Army invaded its pro-Western neighbor to the south. Disputes related to Palestine. _____ in Southeast Asia, and _____ in the Middle East. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Foreign interference became a hallmark of the past-World War II era, even its first months. Some say another could be starting as tensions with Russia rise. The Arab Cold War ( Arabic: al-Harb al-`Arabiyyah al-bridah) was a period of political rivalry in the Arab World from the early 1950s to the late 1970s as part of the broader Cold War. The Second World War had left this region in a state of flux. . In the 1950s, competition had spread to the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America, with each side trying to establish control. Among many important areas of contention between the superpowers was their desire to gain strategic advantage in the region and secure access to oil reserves at a time when oil was becoming increasingly . This Paper. Otherwise known as Israel's War of Independence, or, "the nakbah" or disaster to the Arab world because a Jewish state was established, the war was fought between the newly established Jewish state of Israel opposed by Palestinian irregulars, and armies from five Arab states. On December 21, 1991, the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords declaring the . February 9, 2011 by Lisa Reynolds Wolfe. B. The End of the Cold War and the Middle East NIKKI R. KEDDIE The Middle East was arguably the first theater of the Cold War, which manifested itself in a number of dramatic regional developments in the four decades after 1946. Twenty-five years later to the day, another American President . . The materials are intended to enrich classroom and extracurricular learning and illustrate both the American and Soviet perspectives on the Cold War. Strategically important as a supplier of oil, the region appeared vulnerable in 1946, when Soviet troops failed to leave Iran as promised, even after British and American forces had already withdrawn. The Cold War was a period of increased hostility between two blocs of power, the USA and its allies on the one hand; and the USSR and China, on the other. An age of foreign interference. The Origins of the Cold War. . The Suez Crisis was provoked by an American and British decision not to finance Egypt's construction of the Aswan . Cold War struggles were also occurring in the Middle East. First Indochina War. Each country believes it is the rightful leader of. Cold War: Definition, Origin, Causes, Phases & End. Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East and attempted to launch coups, assassinate heads of state, arm anti-Communist revolutionaries, spread propaganda, and support . . President G. H.W. There had always been significant numbers of Jews there, especially in Jerusalem. This paper judges Soviet interests in the Middle East throughout the Cold war to be threefold. Later it would be rebuilt with concrete blocks 12 feet high and four feet wide. A dangerous regional rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia is playing out throughout the region, involving actors supported by one or the other party in proxy wars ranging from Yemen to Syria. The canal had been owned by the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by French and British interests. The Iran Hostage Crisis Simulation. The Cold War (1945-1963) quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. President Harry S. Truman confronted unprecedented challenges in international affairs during his nearly eight years in office. On May 22, 1947, President Truman signed a congressional bill committing the United States to support Greece and Turkey against Soviet designs, and the United States thereby assumed overtly the direct leadership of the West in the containment of Soviet influence. After the Second World War, the USA and USSR became two Super Powers. THE END OF AN ERA. How did political divisions during the Cold War affect the Korean War, the . The effects of the Cold War on Africa were stifling. Although the U.S. and Soviet Union . Instead of sitting down and rationally discussing possible concerns, America decided to succumb to her worst fears and engage in a conflict that would shape her future indefinitely. The Soviets were a strongman in the Middle East and interceded to maintain tensions as a distraction to the West. This video gives the average person looking to understand more about what is going on in the Middle East a high level overview of the current geopolitical si. Both . November : Berlin Wall is demolished and East Germany allows unrestricted migration to West Germany December : Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia . Soviet political interference in eastern European nations was a contributing factor to the Cold War and the formation of an Iron Curtain separating Eastern and Western Europe.. During the late 1940s, the United States offered support and inducements to shape the political . View Full Lesson: HTML. During the Cold War, the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. First, the Soviets attempted to achieve strategic parity with the United States, by expanding its naval and military reach through Middle Eastern ports and bases, and securing positions of geostrategic strength. The generally accepted beginning of the Arab Cold War was the Egyptian revolution of 1952, which ultimately led to . This book examines the emergence and development of U.S. foreign . The most immediate impact was on young men: Turks, Kurds, Armenians, But underneath all the conflict, there are two common actors: Saudi Arabia and Iran. What you must know about the schisms fueling today's violent upheavals. During World War I, in 1916, it convinced Arab leaders to revolt against the Ottoman Empire (which was allied with Germany). Where To Download Overview World War I In The Middle East Israeli War of Independence: Background & Overview (1947 - 1949) Category War of Independence the holy men of Al-Azhar University in Cairo called on the Muslim world to proclaim a jihad (holy war) against the Jews. While Egypt was defeated, international (US, really) pressure forced their withdrawal. In 1965, U.S. policy towards the region changed, reflected in more lenient immigration laws as people fled political crises in Iran, Palestine, Lebanon, and Afghanistan in the 1970s . In response to a request from the State Department, in February 1946, George Kennan (1904-2005), the Charg at the . Just over two centuries since Napoleon's arrival in Egypt heralded the advent of the modern Middle Eastsome 80 years after the demise of the Ottoman Empire, 50 years after the end of colonialism, and less than 20 years after the end of the Cold Warthe American era in the Middle East, the fourth in the region's modern history, has ended. Summary Eisenhower and the Cold War: 1954-1960. Finally, the Soviets and the East German leaders had had enough. More recently, globalization and the region's ongoing conflicts and political violence have led to the U.S. being more politically, economically, and militarily enmeshed - for better or worsethroughout the region. Eventually East and West Germany are reunited in 1990. The Jewish people had a hereditary presence in Palestine going back more than three thousand years. But as Asher Orkaby explains this month, the current conflict has deep roots in how Yemen emerged as a nation, its treatment under British rule, its role during the Cold War, and now as a proxy for tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The Middle East is undergoing a phase of crucial geopolitical and social transformations. COLD WAR IRAN: 1945 -1959. Suez Crisis, (1956), international crisis in the Middle East, precipitated on July 26, 1956, when the Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal. The Soviet Union sent money and weapons to the communist forces. From the end of the Cold War until the early 1990s, world politics and events were primarily viewed through this lens the battle to exert control and influence globally. In his new book, Rashid Khalidi, considered the foremost U.S. historian of. Such conflict was unavoidable. European geopolitics in the earlier half of the 20th century in the wider Middle East region contributed to a lot of instability overall. PPOL 652 Student Reading Assignment Main Principles Reflective Comments Reading Summary and Reflective Comments: Changing Foreign Policy During the Cold War Assignment Herring There have been subtle changes in the negotiations to the Far East and the Middle East when President Nixon took office. Excerpt from J.H. The Middle East In Crisis. Bottom-up uprisings are spreading from Lebanon to Algeria. Another was achieving strategic advantage in this vital . During his four years in office, Bush presided over the end of the Cold War: He was president during the reunification of East and West Germany, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact alliance and the . The Wall Falls, 1989. Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East and attempted to launch coups, assassinate heads of state, arm anti-Communist revolutionaries, spread propaganda, and support . Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 . A short summary of this paper. When Saddam Hussein invaded his small, oil-rich neighbor in the summer of 1990, the Department faced its first full-scale post-Cold War international crisis. The United States wanted to take all of the big, scary, different ideologies and keep them locked up far, far away. At that time, the United States had little interest in Middle East oil or in any political designs on the region. The Great War had begun. Soviet foreign policy in the Middle East emphasized the Arab nations and their interaction with the West. Determined not to let Communism spread in East Asia, Truman quadrupled military spending and ordered General MacArthur to retake the southern half of the peninsula. Many American officials feared this. War List of Middle Eastern Conflicts This list currently covers Middle Eastern wars and conflicts from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to the Present, along with other conflicts involving Middle Eastern nations.For the purposes of this list, the Middle East comprises Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen . The Middle East during the war (from military campaigns to hunting locusts, from an Arab revolt to the Armenian genocide): The Middle East was directly involved in World War I, and so it was affected by the war in all aspects of life. Allies during the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union fell out quickly once it ended. While the last American troops left the country on January 1, 1946, and Britain announced that it would meet a March 1 deadline, Moscow refused to withdraw its forces. The world experienced a bumpy ride in the final years of the Cold War, with post-Vietnam dtente, the Star Wars rhetoric of the US, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the collapse of communism. Their motives, long held by historians to have had an ideological thrust, were, in fact, to gain control over access to oil and claim . This is a key difference between the U.S.-Soviet Cold War, whereby ideology played a crucial defining factor in the hostilities. Students will examine three cornerstones of American foreign policy during the Cold War -- the Truman, Eisenhower & Nixon Doctrines. On August 12th and 13th of 1961 they built a wall around Berlin to prevent people from leaving. . The west canceled its offer, however, after Egypt . Students will examine three cornerstones of American foreign policy during the Cold War -- the Truman, Eisenhower & Nixon Doctrines. Africa, the Middle East , and Asia." (Note 1) In this essay, I argue that while Cold War was not a primary cause of European decolonization, United States' Cold War strategies and actions did produce a conducive environment for European state's withdrawal, and U.S. (together with its European allies) tended to suppress independence . Truman guided the United States through the end of World War II, the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the dawning of the atomic age. On 5 March 1946, when Churchill pronounced its famous speech at Westminster University, in Fulton, Missouri, describing Europe as divided by an iron curtain, with eastern Europe subjected to the "Soviet sphere" and the West under American influence, the Cold War was already on going. The fractures within Yemen make this humanitarian crisis one of the most complex to solve. They are bitter rivals, whose feud goes back almost 40 years. The U.S. demanded a U.N. condemnation of Moscow's continued troop presence. Containment was thought to be a sure fire way to keep pandemonium at bay. These new nations sided with the Americans or Soviets to receive economic and military aid. Timeline of the Cold War 1945 Defeat of Germany and Japan February 4-11: Yalta Conference meeting of FDR, Churchill, Stalin - the 'Big Three' Soviet Union has control of Eastern Europe. The Cold War, which lasted from the late 1940s to the end of the 1980s, was a multi-layered competition: while it most evidently did involve wars and military competition between east and west, directly and in support of allies in the Middle East, it also involved more than a mainly military contest, a rivalry for political loyalties and for . First, he upheld the already highly controversial policy to establish a Jewish national home in Palestine and to build it up with massive immigration from the impoverished and persecuted Jewish communities of Europe. The Middle East in the Cold War was an area of extreme importance and also great instability. The Cold War is the story of two great powers, each with a set of expectations as to how the other should behave, which neither was willing to fulfill. It has been 45 years since the start of the 1973 War between Israel, Egypt and Syria. A bitter proxy war is being waged in the Middle East. Potsdam conference, the alliance started to crumble, July 1945 The Cold War was fought on the political, economic, and propaganda fronts. Journal of Cold War Studies 83 (Summer 2006): 15-32. . Introduction. By the 1960s, the Cold War reached Africa. The dates May 22, 1947, and May 22, 1972, span exactly 25 years. One of the main culprits responsible for the inert. In the 1950s, both east and west offered aid to Egypt to build the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. Bush's foreign policy team forged an unprecedented international coalition consisting of the NATO allies and the . One nation tried to reduce the power of other. The Cold War began in Eastern Europe and Germany, according to the researchers of the Institute of Contemporary . Cold War tensions between the United States and the USSR eventually exploded in Korea when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 . As World War II ended, Iran's problems intensified. The Cold War began, a long period of rivalry (1947-1991) which pitted the U.S. against the Soviet Union and their respective allies and determined international relations for almost half a century. August 28, 2014, 6:58 PM. This unique digital resource was designed for middle- and high school educators and students who wish to explore the Cold War through visual primary sources. The war divided Americans who were for or against the war. The 45-year standoff between the West and the U.S.S.R. ended when the Soviet Union dissolved. William Hurt, in a stoic performance, plays Moscow police officer Renko, who is assigned a . Presidents Nixon, Ford and Carter all attempted to remedy the daunting economic conditions of the decade, but they were all largely unsuccessful. Over 58,000 Americans died in the conflict. Japan's wartime occupation of European and United States colonies in Asia had weakened colonial control and fuelled emerging nationalism in areas such as French Indochina (Vietnam . Gorky Park (Michael Apted, 1983) A rare Hollywood movie set in the Soviet Union (although it was filmed in Helsinki, Finland) with a Soviet protagonist and an American antagonist, Gorky Park plays like a C.S.I. . Bamberg on Soviet Interest in Iranian Oil During World War II, The History of the British Petroleum Company, Volume 2, The Anglo-Iranian Years, . Truman intervened with American troops . View Full Lesson: HTML. . Egypt was furious that the U.S. had refused its aid for the Aswan dam project and hence initiated this nationalization. By 1948 the Soviets had installed left-wing governments in the countries of eastern Europe that had been liberated by the Red Army. The Lemon Tree: A Case Study on the Creation of the State of Israel (1948) As World War II ends, the United States becomes the great outside power in the Middle East, with three main concerns: Persian Gulf oil; support and protection of the new nation of Israel; and . It stretches from Iraq to Lebanon and reaches into North Africa, taking lives in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt's . Read Paper. Nixon has been able to reopen relations with China that have been lost since communism gained power . The Americans and the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet-influenced communist parties coming to power in the democracies of western Europe. Many of the Cold War's sharpest confrontations erupted in formerly colonized regions in Korea, the Congo, Cuba, Indochina, the Middle East, as well as in Afghanistan. Many conflicts in the Middle East during the post-World War II period have directly resulted from. It was a second scramble for Africa. Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 . During the late 19th century, Zionism focused on. Moscow had little use for the region except to distract Washington from Berlin early in the Cold War. The great powers (in this case the Soviet Union and the U.S.) wanted Africa simply to prevent each other from possessing it African economic and political development was hindered; independence was often delayed. After World War II, the tension between communist and democratic forms of government strained relations between the Soviet Union and the United States and provided the ideological underpinnings of the Cold War. This Middle Eastern cold war is one played purely for the game of achieving the regional hegemonic status, as both Saudi Arabia and Iran claim historical right to lead the region. Therefore, the Cold War set up conditions for the political dominance of Nasser in the Middle East while simultaneously diminishing Western influence. A weighty reassessment of the cold war reminds us of the battles that raged during the world's so-called 'long peace' Jason Burke Sun 22 Mar 2020 07.00 EDT In many respects. During the 1950s the focus of New Zealand's defence strategy shifted from the Middle East to Asia. 24. Summary Eisenhower and the Cold War: 1954-1960. During the 45 years of the Cold War, policymakers from the United States and the Soviet Union vied for primacy in the Middle East. The Cold War (1945-1963) quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. The Cold War also affected the middle east. episode with a Cold War backdrop. Indirectly the competition between the Super Powers led to the Cold War. On three occasions - the 1956 Suez crisis, the 1967 Six Day War, and the October 1973 War - hostilities between Israel and its Arab enemies disrupted world oil supplies, forced Washington and Moscow to contemplate military intervention, and briefly sparked fears of nuclear Armageddon. NATO, SEATO, CENTO. The First Indochina War was one of the first proxy wars of the Cold War. By 1975, with the help of the Soviets and China, a small, poor nation defeated the strongest military superpower in the world. One underlying objective in the Middle East for both superpowers during the Cold War, as chapter 2 of this book shows, was access to oil. The area also had vast reserves of oil, not crucial for either superpower in the 1950s (who each held large oil reserves on their own) but . Middle East Middle East. By late 1945 and early 1946, concern had already arisen about Soviet attitudes and actions in Europe. The region lay directly south of the Soviet Union, who traditionally had great influence in Turkey and Iran. The seemingly sudden rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, ISIS) in the summer of 2014 to be- come the Middle East region's most dangerous threat has shocked and puzzled most . During the 1950s, the Cold War heightened concern about the Middle East. The war, known to Israelis as the Yom Kippur War, and to Arabs as the October War, ushered in a new reality in . Cold War. In 1956, Britain, France and Israel invaded the Sinai peninsula after Egypt nationalized the Suez canal because these waning empires feared further loss of power, this time of a major economic trading route entry point for the West to the rest of the Middle East. This period involved the relationships between two superpowers: the United States and the USSR. Middle East Middle East. implementing Islamic fundamentalist principles. Bush visiting the Troops during the First Gulf War. Many former colonies achieved independence from European empires (decolonization). The first large-scale assaults began on January 9, The government of Ayatollah Khomeini attempted to change Iranian society by. Main Idea: The Korean War confirmed American fears of Communist expansion and . Summary and Reflection DIRECTIONS: Summarize the main ideas of this lesson by answering the question below. The roots of the Arab-Israeli conflict lie in the 1917-1920 period. Ken Stein - The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 - A Short History. Yet just a few months later on August 22 nd, 1945 Japan surrendered but since they were the only troops capable of maintaining control in the country . The first time a Western power got soaked in the politics of oil in the Middle East was toward the end of 1914, when British soldiers landed at Basra, in southern Iraq, to protect oil supplies from neighboring Persia. In that year, Joseph Stalin's delay in removing Soviet troops on schedule from Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, where . "Conference of Middle East Chiefs of Mission (Istanbul, February 14-21, 1951): Agreed Conclusions and Recommendations," c . The Cold War dominated a rather long time period: between 1945, or the end of the World War II, and 1990, the collapse of the USSR. The Iran Hostage Crisis Simulation. Nile River philosophies as well as ideologies, and _____ in Southeast Asia, and _____ in region. 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